Unit:
IX
To compose means to put together (i.
e) arranging sentence together.
Words,
phrases, sentences, punctuations, spelling, paragraph and other concepts of
writing should be understand before attempting to write a composition. That’s
why it is said that writing ability involves profiling in two skills,
mechanical and expresses.
Types of composition:
There
are tree types of composition
1)
Controlled
2)
Guided
and
3)
tree
composition
1) controlled composition:
This is the simplest from of making
children write a composition. The passage is given to the student and they are
asked to make some change. But they have no freedom to add anything of their
own to it. They can make a few specified changes like a man to ‘two men’ they
can be allowed just change gender or tenses.
Controlled composition needs a guide
vocabulary and other items arre fully controlled
Type of controlled composition:
1)
jumped
sentence
2)
matching
the sentences
3)
fill
in the blank
4)
Simple
exercise in conversion of sentence.
5)
Answer
to questions
6)
Parallel
sentence
Guided composition:
Guided
composition is the extension of controlled composition. Here students are
supplied with all the necessary structures and vocabulary. Together with the
thought and ideas to be expressed.
·
hints
development
·
précis
writing
·
transcription
·
subscription
table
·
letter
writing
·
Aims of oral position:
Þ To give enough practice in using
English language
Þ To give training to speak fluency
Þ To develop speech habits
Þ To make pupils their interests.
Feeling, idea, needs and
Þ Knowledge of English language.
Þ To promote a clear thinking.
Þ To supply pupils the necessary works
and sentence.
Þ To give students enough training for
the later written composition.
Þ To minimize pupils mistakes in
written word.
Advantages of oral composition:
o
It
gives confidence to pupils and makes them ready to write
o
It
develops thinking and speaking ability
o
It
is simple more economical and save
o
It
is done as a group activity helps to minimize an avoid mistakes.
o
Free composition:
Here
the students select his own vocabulary and structure. There are no restrictions
on the length of the composition. Pupils are free to tackle the topic set for
them and they are forced to think freely.
Ex:
Developing
hints
Picture
composition
Story
writing
Essay
writing
Kinds of composition:
Letter
Informal formal
Personal business letters
Application
letters
Complaint
letters
Letter
to the Editor
Letter:
Letter
writing in a very useful to art. It needs special attention and care. It in a
mode of communication. We have it write different kinds of letters, personal
letters of friends and relations. Invitations, application. Business letters
etc. each letter has its own particular from. But there are certain forms
common to all.
Formal letters:
Formal
letters are otherwise called official letters. These letters have six parts in
its mechanical structure
1.
The Heading 2. Salutation
3.
Body of the letter 4. Subscription
of the conclusion
5.
Signature 6. Address on
the envelop
The Heading:
This
gives the writers place of residence and date of writing the letter. Write this
at the top right hand corner. Write your address above and the date just below
in the date may be written as:
21st
December 2011:
East
Car Street,
Coimbatore,
20.01.2012
Salutation:
The
from of salutation or greeting depends upon the degree of relationship or
intimacy exiting. Between the Writer and the address. Write this at the left
hand, side of the letter paper, at a lower; level than the address and date.
Put a comma at the end of it.
E.
g: My dear father.
3. Body of the Letter:
This
is the main part of the letter, normally the letter it should b brief and
accurate.
4. The subscription or the
conclusion:
The
from of the ending should always be in keeping with that of the salutation.
After completing the main part of the letter, you should write the leave taking
phrase to the right side of the page end put your signature below it.
E. g: yours sincerely,
1.
You should not put an apostrophe before
2.
Put a comma after sincerely
3.
Use works as sincerely, affectionately lovingly in personal letters.
4.
In official letters use faithfully or truly
5.
When writing to your teachers or superior officers ‘yours obediently is used.
Address on the Envelop:
It
should be written eligibly.
5. Signature:
Singing
at the end in very important for both official and personal letters.
Informal Letters:
Informal
or personal letters are the ones we write to some one intimate. The style of
personal letters should be familiar and conversational and the style should be
ultimate. We should not write the from address. The tone of the writing will be
such that the reader will be able to see the face and ‘hear’ the voice of the
letter. While writing greetings we should not write the initials before the name and add
academic degrees after the name.
Semi – formal letter:
Writing
letters inviting some VIP to preside over over a function in our school
collages, to take part in competition to he held in our school are semi –
official letter.
Official / business letters:
Business
letters must be bringing clear and to the point. Business men are always busy.
Avoid
the business jargon like ‘you’re of even date to hand’ and dispatch same at
once. Abbreviation like advt for and exam for examination. Etc. the missing of
I or we should be avoided. Do not write received your letter instead of ‘I
received your letter’.
Specify
how the goods must be sent by you (by rail, by post, by lorry, etc) you should
also specify the mode of payment (by money order, VPP, by DD, etc)
Form:
the name and address of the writer as well an the firm or person to whom the
letter is addressed should be written on the left side of the page at the
beginning of the letter.
Salutation
should be dear sir,
Conclusion
should be yours faithfully pr yours truly.
Paragraph writing:
A
paragraph is a group of sentences which aims at expressing a single idea.
Essays and long passages are divided into paragraphs. Usually a topic sentence
in given and the student have to expand the main idea into a paragraph.
A good paragraph has the following:
Topic
sentence – usually I sentence of a paragraph
Unity
of through – a Para deal with one topic
Sequence
of sentences - every sentence takes off
from province
Clarence
– a theme is linked connections in a Para
Topic sentence is usually the first
sentence of a paragraph. Sometimes it occurs in the middle or at the end. It
tells about the topic of discussion.
Coherence
is the another extremity important quality of paragraph. There should be logic
in the order of sentence and the transition from one sentence to another should
be smooth and easy. There must be clarity in the sequence of thought.
There are 4 types of paragraphs:
Descriptive
– describes a person. A place, an object
Narrative
– it narrates an incident
Expository – it gives explanation
Argumentative
– it present the points in too opposing points of view on a given topic.
Essay writing:
Essay
writing literally means an attempt. It is an attempt or a trail in writing a
piece of composition
Essays are of different types:
Narrative
– (Narration of some event – a story incident, accident, etc) Descriptive – (description of a place of
thing)
Expository
– explaining something – scientific theories, literally topics, etc.)
Arug
miniature, it presents the points in two opposing points of view on a given
topic.
Reflective – (ideas or thoughts born
out of reflection, philosophical, social topics)
Method for essay writing:
There
are four stages involved in essay writing.
First stage:
Thin
about the subject and jot down on papers all the backs or ideas that crones top
you. Foe this the title of the easy most be read carefully so that exact scoop
of the subject and how it is going to be approached or treated may be
understand.
Second stage:
Arrange
the facts according to topics in order to prepare an outline for the
composition. The facts arranged may be under certain heads. If there are four
or six topics each can from the subject of a paragraph.
Third Stage:
Write
the essay, pay attention to grammar punctuation and style. In maintaining the
style the following point’s mmt be borne in mind.
(a) Clarity must be essential. Words, phrases, a
clauses must be in the proper places.
(b) Slang a colloquial expression – avoided
(c) Essay should not be in the first
person.
Fourth Stage:
The
written material has to be revised thornily. Through this he can detect a
number of mistakes and he can easily correct.
Common mistakes:
An
essay is not, after all, a collection of disjointed paragraph. There must be
cohesion and coherence. The paragraph of easy must not be numbered. The title
must not be introduced at the body of the essay. avoid single paragraph each
paragraph have more than 2 or three sentence.
Précis writing:
To
write a précis means using few words to convey the information. This squishes
great skill besides a through understanding pf the passage.
Steps:
1. read the passage thoroughly and try
to grasp the general idea.
2. take note the main idea
3. read the passages and compose with
the original passages.
4. write the first draft.
5. reread the first draft and edit the ensure
wherever necessary.
6. write the first draft. 1/3 of the
original
7. give a suitable title.
Expansion of proverbs:
Expansion
of proverbs is just opposite to précis writing. In this composition, the lie
dent has to expand the provers. He has to study. Thoroughly the proverb, group
its meaning and has to write points have to be taken in consideration.
i)
first
of all, the student has to study the proverb and comprehend its meaning
ii)
After
comprehending, he has to try it expand it using appropriate details,
illustration etc.
iii)
There
should be no mistakes in framing structures.
iv)
The
expansion should not be two long or too short it should be around 80-100 words.
v)
Expansion
should make the meaning of the proverb clearer.
Developing stories from outline:
In
this composition exercise, an outline of the story is given, the student has to
develop the outline into a well – furnished story. This is more or less like
hints development, while.
Developing – theories from outline:
The
outline of a story is the bare frame work of the story. It is usually skeleton.
It shows us some of the main facts of the story. It gives us in brief what the
story is like. We have to fill in all the details relevant to the story ad thus
make up a readable story.
Some guidelines:
i)
read
the given outline very carefully two or there times and understand the story
thoroughly.
ii)
Have
a clear idea of the plot of the story.
iii)
Follow
the outline given and do not omit any point.
iv)
Expand
the story in complete sentence.
v)
Connect
all the points and get a good piece of composition
vi)
Use
your imagination to fill in the details o f action
vii)
Your
story must contain at least twice as many words as there are in the outline.
viii)
Introduce
dialogue or conversation, but be careful to make it natural and interesting.
ix)
Divided
the story into two or more paragraphs
x)
See
that your writing is grammatical is idiomatic a in good simple English.
xi)
Make
the beginning and the consolation of the story very attractive
xii)
Give
a suitable title
xiii)
Write
in pasterns
xiv)
Write
the story In your own language style
xv)
Revise
your work If necessary
Summarizing:
A
summary gives the main ideas and the seential points of a long original passage
in a readable form.
The
summary can avoid details, examples, exclamations, euphemisms and other figures
of speech. So that it can help the render to get along the essence of the
passages. But certain effective expressions, even sentence can be retained if
necessary.
The
summary is ment for reading and getting at the essentials, while note – making
is for the visual preceptor of the ideas and points.
Steps:
·
Read
the original passage carefully at least twice
·
Underline
the word and ideas, which, you think are important to be included in the summary.
·
Arrive
at a conclusions as to which of the sentence and phrases should be condensed.
·
Make
a rough draft of your summary.
·
Revive
the draft
·
Give
a suitable title. Write down the fair draft.
·
Omit
unnecessary details, description a words.
·
Replace
example by general statements.
·
Substitute
one word for a phrases and a phrase for a clause.
·
Use
past – tense, avoid ‘I’ person, omit quotation
·
Abstracting:
In
the high sec classes students may be tainted to write abstract of long reports
appearing in news papers or summaries of their.
An
abstract should have ity and order; it should not be fully long. In is style should be easy natural and familiar. The
language should be simple and direct.
There
are two types of abstracts
Descriptive
Information
(Des) – It includes information about
Purpose
Scope
Methods
used
A part from this information abstract
includes.
Results
Conclusion
Recommend
firm
Purpose
The
author’s reason for writing
The
author’s main idea
Scope:
The
author’s focus in this piece
The
author’s attention and emendation
Methods:
Kinds
of evidence does the author provide
Result:
The
consequence of the problem.
Re commendation:
Solution,
the author present to resolve the problems of issue in the piece.
Conclusion:
Whether
the author describes a couse and effect, relationship or explains the brings of
this issue or problems.
Comprehension:
Comprehension
is the correct association of meanings with word symbols. It in the selection
of the correct meaning suggested by the text. It is a thinking process.
The
pupils may find a reading comprehension passage different for them; the teacher
should know doubt the difficulties and have to guide them.
Some common difficulties are:
·
Students
are not able to concentrate on what they read.
·
They
are not able to recognize to words
·
Noisy
surroundings, inadequate lighting and uncomfortable seating arrangement.
·
Unfamiliarity
of the subject matter (e.g.) a child from a city may not understand a passage
on farming and a village’s child about a road signal.
·
Ineffective
questioning and answering techniques
·
Lack
of appropriate guidance by the teacher
Steps for comprehension skills:
There
are various steps,
·
reading
for the main idea.
·
Reading
for organization
·
Reading
for summarizing and outing
Reading for main idea:
Pupil,
should develop skill to identify the main idea or the central idea in what they
read,
The
idea in logical order. A good in a logical order paragraphs are organized.
Activities
that help pupils learn in logical order what they are reading,
·
organizing
information about a guise subject (e.g.)
characteristics of animals,
·
grouping
a series of details about a main idea
·
developing
on outline for a story with heading and subheading
·
Arranging
regards, directions or ideas in sequential order.
·
Arranging
various bits of information about a selected topic and grouping then into and
information story.
Reading for summarizing and
organizing:
·
summaries
helps un to give the facts in a capsule
·
They
retain important information, so the pupils should develop summarizing skill.
·
Outlining
is another way of organizing.
·
Summaries
a message to use sent.
·
Do exercise for writing an outline
·
Activities to identify the main idea:
·
understanding
key words
·
selecting
the title
·
writing
the sub heads or subtitles into question
·
locating
the faction word
(e. g) then, therefore,
but
Reading for details:
Activities that accompany, readings
for details are,
·
look
at a picture and then discrete what they see at picture
·
note
the details in a paragraph after stating the main idea
·
identify
the irrelevant sentence
·
analyses
the paragraph to make a normal outline
·
respond
to directions
·
elicit
answers concurring the details, develop chart, diagram of the sequence of events.
Reading for organization:
Good
reader will understand the organization of what in being read. They arrange.
Translation:
Translation
exercises from English to Tamil are practiced up to x level. Exercises can be
mostly in the nature of translating from English to Tamil.
a) newspaper head lines 2 die = 15
injured in bus – van Collins
b) class- circulars half yearly
examination begin on 7th dec
c) familiar warnings trespasses will be prosecuted
d) general instructions leave your shoe here
e) Familiar idiom all that glitters is not gold.
Oral composition:
Oral
composition should precede written composition. Lovire stated, “the habit of
oral composition should be kept up during the whole school period”.
Aims of oral composition:
To
give enough practice in using English language
To
give training to speak fluently
To
develop speech habits
To
make pupils express their interests feelings, ideas, needs and knowledge of English
h language
To
promote a clear thinking
To
supply pupils the necessary worlds and sentences
To
give students enough training for the later written composition
To
minimize pupils mistakes in written word
Advantages oral composition:
It
gives confidence of pupils and makes them ready to write.
It
develops thinking and speaking albeit
It
is simple more economical and save
It
is done as a group activity helps to minimize and avoid mistakes
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