Monday 23 July 2012

Unit: IX


Unit: IX
To compose means to put together (i. e) arranging sentence together.
                   Words, phrases, sentences, punctuations, spelling, paragraph and other concepts of writing should be understand before attempting to write a composition. That’s why it is said that writing ability involves profiling in two skills, mechanical and expresses.  
Types of composition:    
          There are tree types of composition
1)                 Controlled  
2)                 Guided and
3)                 tree composition
1)     controlled composition:
This is the simplest from of making children write a composition. The passage is given to the student and they are asked to make some change. But they have no freedom to add anything of their own to it. They can make a few specified changes like a man to ‘two men’ they can be allowed just change gender or tenses.
Controlled composition needs a guide vocabulary and other items arre fully controlled
Type of controlled composition:
1)                 jumped sentence
2)                 matching the sentences
3)                 fill in the blank
4)                 Simple exercise in conversion of sentence.
5)                 Answer to questions
6)                 Parallel sentence
Guided composition:
          Guided composition is the extension of controlled composition. Here students are supplied with all the necessary structures and vocabulary. Together with the thought and ideas to be expressed.

·        hints development
·        précis writing
·        transcription
·        subscription table
·        letter writing
·         
Aims of oral position:
Þ   To give enough practice in using English language
Þ   To give training to speak fluency
Þ   To develop speech habits
Þ   To make pupils their interests. Feeling, idea, needs and
Þ   Knowledge of English language.
Þ   To promote a clear thinking.
Þ   To supply pupils the necessary works and sentence.
Þ   To give students enough training for the later written composition.
Þ   To minimize pupils mistakes in written word.

Advantages of oral composition:
o   It gives confidence to pupils and makes them ready to write
o   It develops thinking and speaking ability
o   It is simple more economical and save
o   It is done as a group activity helps to minimize an avoid mistakes.
o    
Free composition:
          Here the students select his own vocabulary and structure. There are no restrictions on the length of the composition. Pupils are free to tackle the topic set for them and they are forced to think freely.
          Ex:
                   Developing hints
                   Picture composition
                   Story writing
                   Essay writing

Kinds of composition:
          Letter
Informal      formal
Personal       business letters
                   Application letters
                   Complaint letters
                   Letter to the Editor
Letter:
          Letter writing in a very useful to art. It needs special attention and care. It in a mode of communication. We have it write different kinds of letters, personal letters of friends and relations. Invitations, application. Business letters etc. each letter has its own particular from. But there are certain forms common to all.
Formal letters:
          Formal letters are otherwise called official letters. These letters have six parts in its mechanical structure
                   1. The Heading               2. Salutation
                   3. Body of the letter        4. Subscription of the conclusion
                   5. Signature                    6. Address on the envelop
The Heading:
          This gives the writers place of residence and date of writing the letter. Write this at the top right hand corner. Write your address above and the date just below in the date may be written as:
          21st December 2011:
                             East Car Street,
                             Coimbatore,
                             20.01.2012

Salutation:
          The from of salutation or greeting depends upon the degree of relationship or intimacy exiting. Between the Writer and the address. Write this at the left hand, side of the letter paper, at a lower; level than the address and date. Put a comma at the end of it.
          E. g:   My dear father.

3. Body of the Letter:
                   This is the main part of the letter, normally the letter it should b brief and accurate.

4. The subscription or the conclusion:
          The from of the ending should always be in keeping with that of the salutation. After completing the main part of the letter, you should write the leave taking phrase to the right side of the page end put your signature below it.
E. g: yours sincerely,
          1. You should not put an apostrophe before
          2. Put a comma after sincerely
          3. Use works as sincerely, affectionately lovingly in personal letters.
          4. In official letters use faithfully or truly
          5. When writing to your teachers or superior officers ‘yours obediently is used.

Address on the Envelop:
                    It should be written eligibly.
5. Signature:
          Singing at the end in very important for both official and personal letters.


Informal Letters:
          Informal or personal letters are the ones we write to some one intimate. The style of personal letters should be familiar and conversational and the style should be ultimate. We should not write the from address. The tone of the writing will be such that the reader will be able to see the face and ‘hear’ the voice of the letter. While writing greetings we should  not write the initials before the name and add academic degrees after the name.

Semi – formal letter:
          Writing letters inviting some VIP to preside over over a function in our school collages, to take part in competition to he held in our school are semi – official letter.

Official / business letters:
          Business letters must be bringing clear and to the point. Business men are always busy.
          Avoid the business jargon like ‘you’re of even date to hand’ and dispatch same at once. Abbreviation like advt for and exam for examination. Etc. the missing of I or we should be avoided. Do not write received your letter instead of ‘I received your letter’.
          Specify how the goods must be sent by you (by rail, by post, by lorry, etc) you should also specify the mode of payment (by money order, VPP, by DD, etc)
          Form: the name and address of the writer as well an the firm or person to whom the letter is addressed should be written on the left side of the page at the beginning of the letter.
          Salutation should be dear sir,
          Conclusion should be yours faithfully pr yours truly.



Paragraph writing:
          A paragraph is a group of sentences which aims at expressing a single idea. Essays and long passages are divided into paragraphs. Usually a topic sentence in given and the student have to expand the main idea into a paragraph.

A good paragraph has the following:
          Topic sentence – usually I sentence of a paragraph
          Unity of through – a Para deal with one topic
          Sequence of sentences   - every sentence takes off from province
          Clarence – a theme is linked connections in a Para
Topic sentence is usually the first sentence of a paragraph. Sometimes it occurs in the middle or at the end. It tells about the topic of discussion.
          Coherence is the another extremity important quality of paragraph. There should be logic in the order of sentence and the transition from one sentence to another should be smooth and easy. There must be clarity in the sequence of thought.

There are 4 types of paragraphs:
          Descriptive – describes a person. A place, an object
          Narrative – it narrates an incident
           Expository – it gives explanation
          Argumentative – it present the points in too opposing points of view on a given topic.

Essay writing:
          Essay writing literally means an attempt. It is an attempt or a trail in writing a piece of composition



Essays are of different types:
          Narrative – (Narration of some event – a story incident, accident, etc)  Descriptive – (description of a place of thing)                    
          Expository – explaining something – scientific theories, literally topics, etc.)
          Arug miniature, it presents the points in two opposing points of view on a given topic.
Reflective – (ideas or thoughts born out of reflection, philosophical, social topics)
Method for essay writing:
          There are four stages involved in essay writing.
First stage:
          Thin about the subject and jot down on papers all the backs or ideas that crones top you. Foe this the title of the easy most be read carefully so that exact scoop of the subject and how it is going to be approached or treated may be understand.
Second stage:
          Arrange the facts according to topics in order to prepare an outline for the composition. The facts arranged may be under certain heads. If there are four or six topics each can from the subject of a paragraph.
Third Stage:
          Write the essay, pay attention to grammar punctuation and style. In maintaining the style the following point’s mmt be borne in mind.
(a)    Clarity must be essential. Words, phrases, a clauses must be in the proper places.
(b)    Slang a colloquial expression – avoided
(c)   Essay should not be in the first person.
Fourth Stage:
          The written material has to be revised thornily. Through this he can detect a number of mistakes and he can easily correct.

Common mistakes:
          An essay is not, after all, a collection of disjointed paragraph. There must be cohesion and coherence. The paragraph of easy must not be numbered. The title must not be introduced at the body of the essay. avoid single paragraph each paragraph have more than 2 or three sentence.

Précis writing:
          To write a précis means using few words to convey the information. This squishes great skill besides a through understanding pf the passage.
Steps:
1.     read the passage thoroughly and try to grasp the general idea.
2.     take note the main idea
3.     read the passages and compose with the original passages.
4.     write the first draft.
5.     reread the first draft and edit the ensure wherever necessary.
6.     write the first draft. 1/3 of the original
7.     give a suitable title.

Expansion of proverbs:
          Expansion of proverbs is just opposite to précis writing. In this composition, the lie dent has to expand the provers. He has to study. Thoroughly the proverb, group its meaning and has to write points have to be taken in consideration.
i)                   first of all, the student has to study the proverb and comprehend its meaning
ii)                After comprehending, he has to try it expand it using appropriate details, illustration etc.
iii)              There should be no mistakes in framing structures.
iv)              The expansion should not be two long or too short it should be around 80-100 words.
v)                 Expansion should make the meaning of the proverb clearer.
Developing stories from outline:
          In this composition exercise, an outline of the story is given, the student has to develop the outline into a well – furnished story. This is more or less like hints development, while.

Developing – theories from outline:
          The outline of a story is the bare frame work of the story. It is usually skeleton. It shows us some of the main facts of the story. It gives us in brief what the story is like. We have to fill in all the details relevant to the story ad thus make up a readable story.

Some guidelines:
i)                   read the given outline very carefully two or there times and understand the story thoroughly.
ii)                Have a clear idea of the plot of the story.
iii)              Follow the outline given and do not omit any point.
iv)              Expand the story in complete sentence.
v)                 Connect all the points and get a good piece of composition
vi)              Use your imagination to fill in the details o f action
vii)            Your story must contain at least twice as many words as there are in the outline.
viii)         Introduce dialogue or conversation, but be careful to make it natural and interesting.
ix)              Divided the story into two or more paragraphs
x)                 See that your writing is grammatical is idiomatic a in good simple English.
xi)              Make the beginning and the consolation of the story very attractive
xii)            Give a suitable title
xiii)         Write in pasterns
xiv)          Write the story In your own language style
xv)            Revise your work If necessary
Summarizing:
          A summary gives the main ideas and the seential points of a long original passage in a readable form.
          The summary can avoid details, examples, exclamations, euphemisms and other figures of speech. So that it can help the render to get along the essence of the passages. But certain effective expressions, even sentence can be retained if necessary.
          The summary is ment for reading and getting at the essentials, while note – making is for the visual preceptor of the ideas and points.
Steps:
·        Read the original passage carefully at least twice
·        Underline the word and ideas, which, you think are important to be included in the summary.
·        Arrive at a conclusions as to which of the sentence and phrases should be condensed.
·        Make a rough draft of your summary.
·        Revive the draft
·        Give a suitable title. Write down the fair draft.
·        Omit unnecessary details, description a words.
·        Replace example by general statements.
·        Substitute one word for a phrases and a phrase for a clause.
·        Use past – tense, avoid ‘I’ person, omit quotation
·         
Abstracting:
          In the high sec classes students may be tainted to write abstract of long reports appearing in news papers or summaries of their.
          An abstract should have ity and order; it should not be fully long. In is  style should be easy natural and familiar. The language should be simple and direct.
          There are two types of abstracts
          Descriptive
          Information
(Des) – It includes information about
          Purpose
          Scope
          Methods used
A part from this information abstract includes.
          Results
          Conclusion
          Recommend firm
Purpose
          The author’s reason for writing
          The author’s main idea
Scope:
          The author’s focus in this piece
          The author’s attention and emendation
Methods:
          Kinds of evidence does the author provide
Result:
          The consequence of the problem.
Re commendation:
          Solution, the author present to resolve the problems of issue in the piece.
Conclusion:
          Whether the author describes a couse and effect, relationship or explains the brings of this issue or problems.
Comprehension:
          Comprehension is the correct association of meanings with word symbols. It in the selection of the correct meaning suggested by the text. It is a thinking process.
          The pupils may find a reading comprehension passage different for them; the teacher should know doubt the difficulties and have to guide them.
Some common difficulties are:
·        Students are not able to concentrate on what they read.
·        They are not able to recognize to words
·        Noisy surroundings, inadequate lighting and uncomfortable seating arrangement.
·        Unfamiliarity of the subject matter (e.g.) a child from a city may not understand a passage on farming and a village’s child about a road signal.
·        Ineffective questioning and answering techniques
·        Lack of appropriate guidance by the teacher
Steps for comprehension skills:
          There are various steps,
·        reading for the main idea.
·        Reading for organization
·        Reading for summarizing and outing
Reading for main idea:
          Pupil, should develop skill to identify the main idea or the central idea in what they read,
          The idea in logical order. A good in a logical order paragraphs are organized.
          Activities that help pupils learn in logical order what they are reading,
·        organizing information about a guise subject                                    (e.g.) characteristics of animals,
·        grouping a series of details about a main idea
·        developing on outline for a story with heading and subheading
·        Arranging regards, directions or ideas in sequential order.
·        Arranging various bits of information about a selected topic and grouping then into and information story.



Reading for summarizing and organizing:
·        summaries helps un to give the facts in a capsule
·        They retain important information, so the pupils should develop summarizing skill.
·        Outlining is another way of organizing.
·        Summaries a message to use sent.
·         Do exercise for writing an outline
·         
Activities to identify the main idea:
·        understanding key words
·        selecting the title
·        writing the sub heads or subtitles into question
·        locating the faction word
(e. g) then, therefore, but

Reading for details:
Activities that accompany, readings for details are,
·        look at a picture and then discrete what they see at picture
·        note the details in a paragraph after stating the main idea
·        identify the irrelevant sentence
·        analyses the paragraph to make a normal outline
·        respond to directions
·        elicit answers concurring the details, develop chart, diagram of the sequence of events.  

Reading for organization:
          Good reader will understand the organization of what in being read. They arrange.



Translation:
          Translation exercises from English to Tamil are practiced up to x level. Exercises can be mostly in the nature of translating from English to Tamil.
a)     newspaper head lines 2 die = 15 injured in bus – van Collins  
b)     class- circulars half yearly examination begin on 7th dec
c)     familiar warnings        trespasses will be prosecuted
d)     general instructions    leave your shoe here
e)      Familiar idiom           all that glitters is not gold.
Oral composition:
          Oral composition should precede written composition. Lovire stated, “the habit of oral composition should be kept up during the whole school period”.
Aims of oral composition:
          To give enough practice in using English language
          To give training to speak fluently
          To develop speech habits
          To make pupils express their interests feelings, ideas, needs and knowledge of English h language
          To promote a clear thinking
          To supply pupils the necessary worlds and sentences
          To give students enough training for the later written composition
          To minimize pupils mistakes in written word

Advantages oral composition:
          It gives confidence of pupils and makes them ready to write.
          It develops thinking and speaking albeit
          It is simple more economical and save
          It is done as a group activity helps to minimize and avoid mistakes