Reference and study skill Special English

Unit – VIII

Reference and study skill

Special English

SQR3 methods of reading

            We should make our pupil an efficient reader. AD efficient reader is like a bus driver who knows when to go slow, when to accelerator speed, how to negotiate hair bin bends on gnat roads etc. an efficient reader knows there are different levels of comprehensions too as these are different reading materials reading is an act of communication between writer and reader. It is an act in which the reader grasps the information the writer passes on to him.

           

Our reading becomes meaningful and complete only when we are able to react to what the writer has said. If we are to reap a rich horrent out of our reading, we have to develop a stream. Lined habit or reading through better study techniques. Such a study technique is SQ3R technique

            SQR3 Stands for

            Survey

Questions

 Read

Recite – Review  

Survey:

            Survey is the 1^st test. This is surveying the material we are going through. This is similar to a driver consulting the road map before he larks a reader too surveys to got am over all picture of what is he to read. He quickly Turrets all the pages, sees the length of the material to be read, skims through information perfects, over flaps, synopsis, chapter handing, also has a look at pictures, drawings, charts, tables summary and question given the end of each chapter. This enable him to have some prior understanding after context, this stage can be called “warming up” stage.

Question:

            The second stage is question. Here the reader has to turn the main reading and sub – heading into question. Asking questions can help to classify the purpose of reading.

Road:

            This s one of the important step while reading, we should plan our strategy in such a way as to locate answers for the questions we have already arised in the questions we have already hand it crocus on the main ideas. He should able to anticipate what the writer will say next.

Recite:

            This step is literally a self-examination the reader recites the answer to nasally.    It doesn’t mean word for word repetition. He should try to get their own words. He can also recite to another person perfectly a friend. This cat also be called per teaching.

Review:

            This is the last step. The material the pupil has read to be received primordially. He scans the passages for answers for particulars question. Review is a powerful aid to refection. 

3. Reference skill:-

Library:

            It is the duty of the teacher to guide her pupils to make an efficient use of libraries. A teacher must know where to find information. A student be familiar with..

i)                   The card catalogue

ii)                Indexes to periodicals

iii)              Reference books

The card catalogue:

            This is a list of all the books and bound magazines available in the library. There will be 3 cards for a given title namely

1)                 author card

2)                 title card

3)                 subject card

Aming the author card is the basic one. All these cards have the same call number for a particular book and this is the key locate the books you need on the shell. There are 2 classification systems for numbering the books and they are

i)                   Library of congress systems

ii)                The Dewey decimal system

The first employs letters of the alphabet and second uses the numbers. All information about each book is provided in the author car. Title cards and subject cards can also help to locate book on the shelves.

Reference books: Encyclopedia of Britannica

            Reference books provide all basic information. The important reference books are the encyclopedia of Britannica, Enc of Americana. Every mars Encycl, “Britannica junior”/, Mc-Graw Hill, ‘Enc of scier A techm’

            The diff bet diction – x ency is it dictionary explain words, their meanings pronunciation, etymology, usuape etc. whereas only explain things, places, people, event of generate interest through or ticks.

Bibliography:

                        Research scholars will have to consult a variety of rational on the area of their research. First they prepare preliminary bibl of a its of books, articles, manuscripts, ency year books, news paper a other material they intend to consult. The best way of preparing a preliminary bibliography is to 4” x 6” cards with one card for each ref. the information includes author, he title of the book, place of pub, date of publication: trans, No of volumes, edition etc. these cards are arranged alphabetically a any new item can be easily inserted enter book.

i)                   Name of the author reversed for alphabetically

ii)                Title & subtitle of it appears

iii)              Place of publication followed by a colon, the name of the publisher followed by a comma and the year of publication of the last line.

Chennai: Ram Publishers

Nagaraj, 1985.

Dictionary Skills:

            It gives information

-                     Meaning

-                     Part of speech

-                     Verb pa Herm

-                     Pronoun station of the word

-                     Syllable activation

-                     Spelling

-                     Derivation of the word

-                     Usage – British of End

-                     Synonym & antonym

-                     Gen information

Dictionary Skills:

i)                   Ability to locate words

ii)                Ability to find out the contextual meaning

iii)              Ability to find out the pronunciation of words

i)       Ability to locate words

·                    Learn the alphabetical sequence

·                    Opening approximately

·                    Use of guide words at top.

iii)              Ability to find out mean

a.      Decide to contextual mean

b.      Find syn & Ant

c.      Dis the current usage broth form ones

iii)       Ability to find out pronunciation

·                    divide + word into syllables

·                    unde  + Phonetic Symbols

·                    Pron + word stregsingnt appr syllabus

Note Taking:

            Note taking is an essential skill that requires. Active listening and precise writing. We listen to talks, lecturers and narration. We need not reproduce the exact words of the speaker. We take main points without missing the essence of the talk. This happens effectively in the class room provided the note taken from the talk is presented to the rest of the class so that helps the writer and the speaker to be more peruse.

            The Students study in the higher class cannot totally depend on their reference work in the library alone. In the class room the teaches will discuses important ideas in the from of textures. The student most is very attention while taking drum notes. Note taking develops the habit of attending the classes keenly. 

Note making:

            Ability to make a note from a lecture or talk, or from articles or a book is a very useful skill. As we listen to a lecture, we should be able to take don the important points of the lecture. Letter on, we look into the notes we have made, we should be able to reconstruct the lecture from them.

            The notes taken will be useful when we revise for an examination. For advanced study one will have to read a number of books one will have his subject. At that time, note making will be an essential part of reading moreover while making notes, one will be able to organize is own thoughts better.

            “To make good notes, one must proceed systematically”

While making notes from a lecture one should know for what purpose he is making notes. The will help him to decide how much can be left out and what points can be noted down.

Thesaurus:

            Thesaurus is like a dictionary has words and meanings. But unlike a dictionary thesaurus has many similar words of same kind expressed for a particular word. One can find antonyms also for a particular word in a thesaurus. Thus both synonyms and antonyms of related words are given to most of all English words in a thesaurus. This is also a reference book which can be wed to improve vocabulary by the learners.   

           

              

    

           

            

Types of courses

Unit: VII

Types of courses

English for Global Purpose

? English is an international language and plays an important part even in countries where the UK has historically had little fluency.

? English in the most widely spoken language in the worked. It is the mother tongue of more then 320 million people and another 200 million use it as their second language.

? The important of English in hot just in how many people speak it but in what it are used for.

? English is the major language of news and information in the world. It is the language of business and government even in some countries where it is a minority language.

? It is the language of maritime communication, international air traffic control. English is commonly wed as a medium for the communication of information and news.

? Three quarters of all telex message and telegrams are sent English. Ninety percent of computer date are processed and stored in English. Satellite communication is carried in English.

? English plays a major role in the international business, diplomacy, science and professions. In India English is the language of the government.

? Call centre, medical script transcription, digital publishing houses and human resource personal departments requires young persons with a command of oral and written English.

? Interviews are conducted in English thoroughly web cameras. English so there fore a very important mode of communication and it should be perused for global purpose.

? English is the universal link language of the world, every one needs to have ample knowledge over it. English for global purpose aims at developing the language proficiency of the learner. So, everyone Is able to make contacts with others in a short time, wherever he is. For this English functions as bridge.

English for specific purpose – EAP, EST, EOP.

ESP:

            The way of using English for communication is a specified subject with a specific purpose is known as English for specific purpose

Need for ESP:

            In recent items, new areas of a expression have emerged in relation to science, medicine, religion, computer, law, The press, advertising and so on. Each has its own set of technical terms, vocabulary, style and sentence structures.

            In order to communicate with each other, the people of specified subjects need their own way of expression style and vocabulary related to their subject. This may be carried out through English for specific purpose.

Important of ESP:

            The ESP courses are popular in engineering institutions and medical collages. Business forms also conduct these. Courses to train their staff. Books for ESP courses are specially prepared by technical and science teachers. The books for ESP courses are designed in such a way that students can develop professional communicative competence in English.

English for Academic purpose (EAP):

            English for academic purpose (EAP) involves teaching students to use language appropriately for study, it in a branch of ESP.

Aim of EAP:

Its aim is to help the learners to study (or) research in English it covers a wide range of academic communicative practice.

? Pre – university undergraduate and postgraduate teaching.

? Classroom interactions

? Research genres

? Student writing

? The starting point for EAP is the learner and their situation rather than the language.

? Many EAP courses focus more on reading and writing

? According to Gillett and wary “the role of the EAP lecture is to find out what the students need, what they have to do in their academic courses, and help them to do this better in the time available.

(Note: Evangeline for more points)

EAP and ESP: (difference)

? English is taught for developing the four basic skills and literary skills, it is known as English for academic purpose. (EAP)

? On the other hand, if English is thought for developing communicative competence, it is known as English for specific purpose (ESP)

? The movement for ESP coerces came in 1985 for the reason below.

1.      Development of specific and technologies knowledge.

2.      development of engineering and curricula

English for Science and Technology (EST)

            Aims to provide learners with the language basis to access and understand materials on science and technology.

Curriculum:

? Obtain information by reading and understanding different type of S/T texts.

? Obtain information by listening to and viewing texts. On SC and Tec.

? Access and understanding information on the internet and other electronic media.

? Think critically and given points of view on issue pertaining to SC and tec

? According to Keith Jones and peter Rose in their seminal paper “Designs English for Science and Technology” (1975)

? The teacher of EST is ultimately concerned with teachings languages as a linguistic system language focus on its referential roller and function.

Learning Environmental:

            It is a highly interactive learning environment – mixing group and individual project work with in – class and out of class activities and visits students improve their overall e3nglish language skills. A well as critical thinking, oral presentation interviewing and research skill needed as international scientists, engineers and technical experts.

            EST programme develop skills, fluency and confidence. Needed to communicate effectively in English.

? The overall abilities are developed and polished.

? It motivates the students to participate in discussion on science and technology.

? It develops research skills.

? English for occupational Purpose (EOP)

? EOP courses are offered to give communication skills to the employees in concerns. It enables the worker to speak effectively using the technique and to help them speak more clearly and communicate more successfully at work.

? It resins English conversation skills

? It improves pronunciation    

? EOP in crease awareness of how a learner speaks through the use of audio and video taping.

EOP Courses enable the learners:

? To develop effective presentation strategies.

? To refine the learners pronunciation of specific sounds.

? To gain skills and techniques for participatory in debates and discussion

? To identify and use the most constructive language for a range of situations like

o   Explaining

o   Persuading

o   Giving advice

o   Apologizing

o   Expressing Dis appointment

o   Problem solving

o   EOP gives training to manage all these by building vocabulary and increasing fluency and gaining confidence

o   It develop essential skills of conversation, interrupting, brain storming, summarize clarifying and asking for information.

o   Advanced business writing coerces of EOP gives training in writing women’s, letters and short reports.

o   The instructor provides personalized feed back on the written and oral assignments, guiding part pants to oral on their own editing end revising skills.

Remedial English Courses:

            Remedial English is arranges mainly for the learners who have failed to learn correct English at appropriate stages.

The areas where students commit mistakes are

o   Language elements such as vocabulary, sentence etc

o   Pronunciation, stress, intonation

o   Han drawing, spelling, punctuation

o   Grammar and usage

o   Language skills, communication tasks.

o   Interference of mother tongue

o   Errors of stricture, phrase, idioms and expressions

o   Incomplete and wrong answers.

Remedial English is based on Phonological, lexical and structural aspects of the English language

With reference to Phonology’s:

            In English language, pronunciation is a valuable art. More over it is caught rather than taught. So the teacher has to set an example and present correct pronunciation.

            The only remedy for the phonology is drilling the students by making them memorize the phonetic symbols. They should be given transcription exercise to make them through with the correct pronunciation of English words. They should be made to listen to the good speaks. Explain the articulate of speech organ through diagram.

Remedial teaching either reference to lexical system:

            Lexical system is concerned with the usage of words. The students may commit a lot of spelling mistakes. They many use an inappropriate word while expressing an idea. This de to lack of word power. During the reminder English language session, the students learn the spelling, pronunciation, meaning and usage of the lexical items. Special lacking may be tests should be given to such students to improve their word power. They should be given dictation tests frequently.

o   Reference techniques like referring the dictionary thesaurus should be insisted very often.

Remedial teaching with grammatical system:

            The types of grammatical mistakes are countless. To avoid the mistakes certain techniques can be followed.

o   Drilling of sentence pattern may be given

o   The incorrect and correct sentence may be written on a chart.

o   Frequent test may be conducted to know the progress of the student

o   The basic ten patterns should be drilled.  

o   Error identification can be given to the students            exercise like fill up with suitable forms of verbs; model and appropriate words should be given

The English reader – Intercive, extersive and supplementary

            English is taught to help students to help students to acquire the ability of reading, writing, speaking and understanding spoken English.

The English readers are the aids to achieve the objectives. We teach English and not stories using the contents of the readers.

Contents of an English reader:

            A reader contains example of structural items used in passages of suitable length, topics and different literary forms like narration, dialogues, story etc.

           

o   Vocabulary items used in the same passages.

o   Note on grammatical usage

o   Composition exercise

o   Suggestion for teaching

Types of readers:

Intensive readers:

            The detained textbook of English is prescribed for the students for every academic year. This book is called intensive reader because the lesions,. Poems, grammatical aspects in this are thought in detail. Text book provides uniformity for class institution. Thing stimulate active learning. They are very useful for the teachers.

Aims of teaching intensive reader:

o   To comprehend the lesions thoroughly

o   To master the structures and vocabulary in the given text.

o   To acquire master over the written language

o   To learn new words

o   To understands grammatical structure

o   To acquire active and passive skill

o   To obtain the of reading

Intensive reading:

o   The main focus of intensive reader is an language activities and a very detailed comprehension of the content

o   In general any intensive reading would mean a careful reading as total comprehensive of the context is in top priority.

o   The intensive reader should be based on the structural syllabus, contain interest reading materials.

Extensive readers:

Extensive readers are concerned with overall idea of passage. The aim of extensive readers is not linguistic. This type of readers is meant for extensive reading. Various kinds of story books, newspaper, and magazine can be read for information as well as for fun. They widen the knowledge. They swerve the purpose of pleasure and satisfaction. The self- study habits are prep roved through this reader. Claims and produce for extensive reader refer.

The supplementary reader.